Investment decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Venture choice - Essay Example Because of high reliance on value in the capital structure, absolute expense of capital went very high (19.63 percent). The necessary profit for resource is 18 percent which is less at that point cost of capital, so the company’s new undertaking doesn't appears to be gainful until and except if the overarching capital structure is altered. According to the market situation in Kuwait, deferent obligation instruments where resolved to discover which one will be progressively appropriate for the organization. It is suggested that organization ought to acquaint more obligation with decrease the expense of capital. As the economic situations are improving, the working danger will go down and by upgrading money related influence the executives will have the option to help productivity of the organization. The organization, Kuwait Cement was set up in the year 1968 by Amiri Decree. In 1978 the main period of concrete plant was initiated by Sheik Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah which had the creation limit of 1,350,000 tons for each annum. The organization began creation of white concrete in the year 1979 and the limit was to deliver 75,000 tons of white concrete every year. With entry of time the company’s ability to create concrete continued expanding and it arrived at 2,070,000 tons for each annum by end 1984. Kuwait concrete entered in contract with M/s. PEG †Switzerland for giving counseling administrations to the venture of clinker furnace whose creation limit was 1.8 million. Different administrations which the organization was to give were the board of hardware at Shuaiba port, stockpiling of fuel and transport line the executives. At various purpose of time the organization shaped agreements with numerous worldwide firms to improving the creation limit and to presenting bet ter and cutting edge innovation. With the developing interest of white concrete in the market, Kuwait Cement continued expanding the white concrete creation and constantly 1999 the creation limit came to 170,000 tons when contrasted with 75,000 tons

Employment Law and Employee Relations

Question: Talk about the Essay for Employment Law and Employee Relations? Answer: Presentation Worker execution and lead are two significant components that help in accomplishing authoritative targets. Worker execution is legitimately identified with the general profitability of an association. Then again, the way wherein a worker is required to act decides nature and work culture of an association (Xperthr.co.uk 2011). There is a nearby nexus between the two as worker direct identifies with adequacy and proficiency of a representative. In this way, it gets important for an association to devise and actualize norms for execution and direct of a representative and authorize them as organization rules and arrangements. Control can be supposed to be an emotive word corresponding to work (Acas.org.uk 2016). Representatives are required to be restrained all together for the association to work appropriately. For all intents and purposes, discipline at work is one of the most significant issues that a chief needs to confront. At the point when representatives are in break of existin g codes of behaviors appropriate inside the association, the organization is required to take disciplinary activities by following a legitimate system (Xperthr.co.uk 2011). This report is focussed in bringing out and investigate what can be viewed as a decent practice while taking care of such disciplinary issues in the light of the pertinent business laws of the nation. With the end goal of errand 2 of this report, Tesco PLC has been picked as a contextual investigation. Great Practice The UK has a total business enactment structure with a few demonstrations guaranteeing that the privileges of the workers and the business are secured. In the current setting, it can't be denied that if there are issues identifying with a workers lead, capacity and execution are not taken care of in an expert way the association won't have the option to concentrate on its objectives (Acas.org.uk 2016). Along these lines, it is vital for the administration to follow some great practices while dealing with the above issues so they don't heighten to an unmanageable state. It is the obligation of the administration to guarantee that all representatives are dealt with reasonably and in an only way in situations where disciplinary moves are being made against such worker (Xperthr.co.uk 2011). There is no fixed meaning of good practice. Be that as it may, it includes the accompanying: Acting with an admirable motivation Utilizing the current systems in an appropriate way Acting reliably Keeping the principles of characteristic equity Whatever other measure that can be incorporated inside a decent practice code Following the above standards, not just guarantee reasonableness and consistency inside the association yet in addition builds up a decent negotiating prudence inside the association. Thusly, while taking care of disciplinary issues, the administration is required to follow these standards so as to show up to an appropriate arrangement and fit the interests of the business and the representative. The ACAS Code for Disciplinary Procedures While managing the board and goals of disciplinary issues inside an association, the ACAS Code on Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures in Employment frames a significant wellspring of good practice that is required to be followed. The code thinks about the current arrangement of the authoritative structure appropriate according to work laws (Acas.org.uk 2016). Following are the enactments, the arrangements of which are fused inside the code: Worker's organization and Labor Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 Business Act 2002 Business Rights Act 1996 In spite of the fact that disregarding the arrangements of the code is, in itself, not unlawful, its arrangements assume a significant job in understanding the disciplinary procedure. Such penetrates of its arrangements won't draw in lawful continuing. In any case, work courts think about the code while hearing important cases. Mediators named by the ACAS follow the code to arrange off cases brought under the ACAS Arbitration Scheme (Acas.org.uk 2016). A handbook created by the ACAS known as the Discipline and Grievance at Work, specifies the accompanying Code of Practice: The requirement for disciplinary methodology and rules Appropriate treatment of a disciplinary issue Holding of a disciplinary hearing Choosing and executing disciplinary activities, and An interests procedure Reasonable Disciplinary Procedure Area 1 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 states manages a workers right to an announcement of business points of interest. This is viewed as the beginning stage of a disciplinary procedure (Legislation.gov.uk 2016). Area 3 further specifies that the announcement of specifics be required to incorporate disciplinary principles material to a worker. The Employment Act 2002 states that the announcement will likewise contain the strategies material while taking disciplinary activities. Segment 98A of the Employment Rights Act 1996 specifies a three-advance excusal and disciplinary technique as follows (Legislation.gov.uk 2016): Stage 1: The business must impart to the worker about the representatives lead, capacity or different conditions that may bring about a disciplinary or excusal activity. Stage 2: A gathering ought to be met at a sensible time and spot where the issue can be talked about with the worker. Stage 3: If the worker needs to bid, he/she ought to convey it to the business. The business may hold further hearings to determine the issue. Key Components of Disciplinary Process As per the ACAS code, following are the key parts of a disciplinary procedure (Acas.org.uk 2016): An oral admonition Followed by a composed notice if there are no enhancements A last composed admonition if the direct or ability of the worker is as yet not palatable Assembling of a consultation At last excusal if the issue isn't settled or if enhancements are not taken note As it has been clarified before, that the worker is required to be given a reasonable chance of being heard. The essential goal of the gathering is to hear what the representative needs to state (Cipd.co.uk 2016). Last excusal comes after the consultation is led and if the direct of the representative is as yet seen as unsuitable. Difficulties Faced while Implementing a Disciplinary Procedure Considering the current business condition, it is to some degree hard to actualize a severe disciplinary strategy inside an association (Acas.org.uk 2016). The administration faces various difficulties as specified beneath: Administrative arrangements being severe, an association needs to follows procedural advances regardless of whether the worker is seen as in cross unfortunate behavior and of unsuitable execution. Frequently the representatives don't go to the gatherings and hearings. This expands the entire methodology and the association needs to cause misfortunes. The representatives against whom the organization has started a procedure frequently overlook the discretion procedure (Code of expert lead and disciplinary systems 2016). On the off chance that, where the worker is required to get an announcement of points of interest and other fundamental records, the seeing procedure is hampered as witnesses frequently decline to be recognized. The association is lawfully and morally limited by the code and administrative arrangements to direct a reasonable disciplinary methodology. This purpose of the association frequently is misinterpreted by the workers and thus, the whole procedure turns out be tumultuous. While actualizing a disciplinary technique, an association faces a lot of opposition from the worker's organizations (Xperthr.co.uk 2011). Case Laws The administrative structure plans to forestall out of line excusals by bosses. The enactment requires the associations to act sensible and this component has been the center of the whole structure. A portion of the significant contextual investigations identified with capacities and lead are as per the following: Dundee City Council v Sharp EATS [2011] In the above case, a worker was excused because of long haul disorder nonappearance. A drawn out disorder made the representative stay missing and this influenced his capacity to play out his doled out assignments. Accordingly, the worker was given up and the EAT held such excusal to be reasonable and just. Adeshina v St Georges University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust [2015] For this situation, the EAT held that the excusal of the worker was reasonable regardless of whether there was a blemish in the primary phase of the disciplinary procedure and in the sythesis of an intrigue board. Ahmed v Premier Foods Group Ltd ET [2011] For this situation, the worker was excused for net offense and his association agent sold out him at the intrigue stage. This changed the way where seeing is done in work preliminaries. The organization chose for this piece of the report is Tesco PLC. Tesco has significant disciplinary method that it follows which is in equality with the ACAS code and the pertinent authoritative structure (Acas.org.uk 2016). The organization urges its workers to keep up its measures of direct and capacity with the goal that the general objectives of the association are accomplished. On the off chance that the exhibition or conduct of a worker is being referred to, the line administrators assume up the liability and work intimately with the representative to improve his/her condition (Our Code of Business Conduct - Tesco 2016). The organization has set up two disciplinary methods: Casual Procedure, and Formal Procedure Formal strategy is possibly profited when all endeavors of the organization through the casual methodology has been depleted (Solving Problems at Work Staff Guide - Tesco 2016). The organization is resolved to direct a careful and reasonable examination so as to address the issues recognized. This examination is commonly finished up inside a sensible time period of 14 days except if both the gatherings concur for an expansion. Casual Procedure The line supervisor manages the representative direct whose lead and ability is being referred to and will attempt to determine the issue. This cooperating endeavors to comprehend all th

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 22nd, 2019

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The Symbolism of Fire in Fahrenheit 451 - 790 Words

The Symbolism of fire in Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury describes a dystopian society where firemen instead of putting out fires, light them in pursuit of vanishing all books. The protagonist of the novel, Guy Montag, is a fireman that started questioning his beliefs about love, society and mainly questioning his job as an enemy of books, and the use of fire. This essay will discuss how does Montag understands fire through the novel and how fire is presented in the book. At the very beginning of novel, Montag is shown as a fireman that was filled with pleasure when books were burned. As a fireman, Montag understood the use of fire as the vehicle of what he thought he loved the most: burning all kinds of books.†¦show more content†¦When the Mechanical Hound had been destructed hanks to fire, Montag feel in control again. â€Å"He felt it scrabble and seize his leg and stab the needle in for a moment before the fire snapped the Hound up in the air.† (Bradbury, pg. 103) As well as the Mechanical Hound, Captain Beatty died because of fire: Montag killed him with a fire gun. These deaths relocate fire as the vehicle of what Montag felt passion towards, in this case no longer burning books, but fighting to save them. As we can see, throughout Fahrenheit 451, fire symbolizes the death but also the opportunity of new things. This idea is condense by Bradbury at the end of the novel through the character named Granger. He exposed after looking at the fire and saying â€Å"phoenix† that â€Å"there was a silly damn bird called a phoenix†¦every time he burnt himself up he sprang out of the ashes, he got himself born all over again. And it looks like we’ve doing the same thing, over and over, but we have one damn thing the phoenix never had. We know the damn silly things we just did. †¦ [S]omeday we ´ll stop making the goddamn funeral pyres and jumping in the middle of them.† (Bradbury, pg. 163) In the novel, Montag can be taken as an allegory of the phoenix. He represented destruction in different ways. First, as explained before, his job as fireman happened by means of destruction, the destruction of hisShow MoreRelatedFire Symbolism In Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury819 Words   |  4 PagesKira Masalaitis Mr. Frawley English 12 November 28 2017 What Does Fire Symbolize in Fahrenheit 451? Fire. The symbol of destruction, warmth, and renewal, is a prominent theme in the novel Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury. Guy Montag, lives in a bleak, advanced United States where any and books have been made illegal and are replaced with entertainment and technology. The use of fire in the past was to give warmth and heat and has now been replaced for the use destruction and satisfactionRead MoreSymbolism Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451868 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury once stated, â€Å"I never consciously place symbolism in my writing. That would be a self-conscious exercise and self-consciousness is defeating to any creative act †¦ During a lifetime, one saves up information which collects itself around centers in the mind; these automatically become symbols on a subliminal level and need only be summoned in the heat of writing.† (The Paris Review). Bradbury’s may not have consciously placed symbolism in Fahrenheit 451,Read MoreEssay on Fahrenheit 451 Sybolism of Fire646 Words   |  3 PagesThe Symbolism of Fire Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, is a novel filled with many symbols. The symbolism used in this novel varies from different animals to things in nature. One of the biggest symbols throughout the novel is fire. Fire has multiple meanings in Fahrenheit 451, and is usually symbolized as something to be feared. Throughout the novel, fire is something that people do not want, even though it can be so much more than a bad thing. Fire can represent knowledge and awareness, rebirthRead MoreFahrenheit 451 - Symbolism1432 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury, perhaps one of the best-known science fiction, wrote the amazing novel Fahrenheit 451. The novel is about Guy Montag, a ‘fireman who produces fires instead of eliminating them in order to burn books (Watt 2). One night while he is walking home from work he meets a young girl who stirs up his thoughts and curiosities like no one has before. She tells him of a world where fireman put out fires instead of starting them and where people read books and thinkRead MoreSymbolism : Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1144 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism is a technique that literary adds meaning to stories through the use of objects or events portrayed to represent something else. The reason behind the use of symbolism is eluding something s meaning without sighting on the obvious. The in-depth analysis of the use of symbolism will feature in a short story-Fahrenheit 451 (Fenton). Fahrenheit 451 is a science fiction artistic work of literature that makes use of symbols in the ref lection of the humanity journey revived in a dystopian societyRead More Fahrenheit 451 - Symbolism Essay examples1350 Words   |  6 Pages Symbolism in Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury, perhaps one of the best-known science fiction, wrote the amazing novel Fahrenheit 451. The novel is about Guy Montag, a ‘fireman’ who produces fires instead of eliminating them in order to burn books (Watt 2). One night while he is walking home from work he meets a young girl who stirs up his thoughts and curiosities like no one has before. She tells him of a world where fireman put out fires instead of starting them and where people read books and thinkRead MoreSymbolism in Fahrenheit 4511468 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury, perhaps one of the best-known science fiction, wrote the amazing novel Fahrenheit 451. The novel is about Guy Montag, a #8216;fireman#8217; who produces fires instead of eliminating them in order to burn books (Watt 2). One night while he is walking home from work he meets a young girl who stirs up his thoughts and curiosities like no one has before. She tells him of a world where fireman put out fires instead of starting them and where people readRead MoreFahrenheit 451 And V For Vendetta, By Ray Bradbury1457 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury and the film V for Vendetta by James McTeigue, there are a different range of features of their text type which explore the common theme of individuality against oppression. A fascist government occupies London after a world war in V for Vendetta. Where V uses terrorist tactics to fight the dictators, after saving Evey from the secret police, he now discovers an ally in the battle against England’s corrupt government. Fahrenheit 451, set in the futuristicRead MoreFahrenheit 451 symbolism paper1535 Words   |  7 Pages American Literature 11 11 November 2013 Symbolism in Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury, the author of the well-known science fiction novel Fahrenheit 451, was alarmed by how much time he felt the public devoted to watching television in the 1950’s. â€Å"If this [trend of television watching] goes on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he wrote, â€Å"nobody will read books anymore† (XIII). This thought of a television-obsessed future public frightened Bradbury. He was particularly fearful of how technology might prevent people from formingRead MoreFahrenheit 451 : The Burning Truth1149 Words   |  5 PagesAbdulmalik Alnagadi Doctor Clare Little Humanities 142 Aug/7/2014 â€Å"Fahrenheit 451†: The Burning Truth Introduction Fahrenheit 451 is the actual temperature at which paper catches fire. The story by Ray Bradbury represents a social criticism that alarms individuals against the risk of suppressing their feelings due to restrictions. The fascinating story of Bradbury, ‘Fahrenheit 451’ is interestingly well constructed. It can be clearly recognized that the book broadens the idea of a short story that

Water Free Essays

string(60) " of heat energy needed to convert water from liquid to gas\." Water is an essential ingredient for the existence of life as we know it. Biochemical processes occur in aqueous environments, many of which use water. Water also plays a significant role in the process of photosynthesis ( 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 672kcal - C6H12O6 + 6O2 ). We will write a custom essay sample on Water or any similar topic only for you Order Now Photosynthesis is the most basic and significant chemical reaction on earth, providing the primary nutrients, directly or indirectly, for all living organisms and is the primary source of atmospheric oxygen. Without water and its unique and unusual properties, life as we know it on earth would not exist. Water is the only substance naturally present on the earth that exists in three distinct states -solid, liquid, and gas. Many of the unique properties in the take for granted include the three physical phases, transparency, universal solvents, density behavior and temperature, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, viscosity, surface tension and low compressibility. To understand why these properties exist in water and why they are essential to life on earth it is important to look at the shape and bonding patterns of the molecule because the uniqueness of water is a direct result of its shape and bonding patterns. The shape of the water molecule In the water molecule the oxygen atom is the central atom. It has four pairs of valence electrons surrounding it. Two of these pairs are shared which form the shared pairs form covalent bonds with the hydrogen atoms. The remaining two pairs are unshared and have a greater repulsive effect than the shared pairs. The combined repulsive effect of the two unshared electron pairs produces an H-O-H bond angle that is smaller than the H-C-H bond angle (109. 47 degrees) in methane or the H-N-H bond angle (107 degrees) in ammonia. Actual measurement of the bond angle in water is 104. . If the two hydrogen nuclei were as far apart as possible the angle would be 109. 47. The unique bond angle in water is only 104. 5 degrees. The resulting shape of the molecule is referred to as â€Å"bent† or â€Å"angular†. Traditionally the VESPR model theory is used to predict molecular shape. See appendix A. Chemical bonding To understand the unusual properties of water as well as what causes them we need to have a basic understanding of the chemical bonding and the structure of the water molecule. The shape of the water molecule is determined in part by the chemical bonding that occurs. For a brief review of chemical bonding see appendix B. The water molecule consists of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. The chemical bonds in the water molecule are covalent bonds since the hydrogen atoms combine with the oxygen atoms in shared electron pairs. The oxygen atoms exerts a relatively strong pull on the shared electron pairs which causes the hydrogen atom to become electropositive regions and the oxygen atoms to become an electronegative region. The water molecule is considered a polar molecule because the positive and negative regions are not evenly distributed around a center point. The water molecule due to its polar nature is electrostatically attracted to other water molecules as well as other ions in solution. The attraction of the electropositive hydrogen atom to the electronegative oxygen atom of an adjacent water molecule is the bridging phenomenon known as hydrogen bonding and is only about 10 percent the strengths of a covalent bond. This special bond is responsible for most of the unusual properties of water: high freezing and boiling points, high heat capacity, high heat’s of fusion and evaporation, solvency, and high surface tension. Let us look more closely at the bonding patterns of water. Polar Covalent Bond When oxygen and hydrogen atoms are brought together the difference in their electronegativities is not sufficient to yield ions. Instead they must share a pair of electrons between them forming a covalent bond. Some sharing is more equal than others and oxygen’s greater electronegativity draws the electron pairs closer to its nucleus and further away from the hydrogen’s nuclei. This results in a concentration of negative charges nearer the oxygen atom and thus further from the positively charges protons that make the nuclei of the hydrogen atoms. The bond formed is intermediate between a fully ionic bond and a purely covalent bond. There is a separation of charges but not complete as in the formation of ions. The partial charge that is produced is symbolized by d. In Water, one side of the molecule, where the hydrogen atoms are, will be partially positively charged. The other side with the unshared pairs of electrons will be negatively charged. As a whole the molecule is polar. So it can be said that the water molecule has a polar covalent bond. The polarity of the water molecule makes mutual attraction between water molecules possible. The Hydrogen Bond Each molecule has a d- and d+ region. The attraction occurs between the d- and d+ regions (remember unlike charges attract). This means that each water molecule attracts four other water molecules to it. The hydrogen atom is attracted to the oxygen atom of the adjacent water molecule. Each oxygen atom can associate with two hydrogen atoms of other nearby water molecule through its unshared pair of electrons. The force of attraction between these polar molecules is not as strong as a covalent or ionic bond but strong enough to be significant. It is important enough to be called the HYDROGEN BOND. It is the hydrogen bonding that occurs between water molecules that accounts for many of the remarkable and vital properties of water that make the presence of water synonymous with life itself. Firstly, the ability of water to remain liquid over a large portion of the range of temperatures found on earth is one such vital property. Other molecules, as small as water (eg CO2), change from liquid to gas at temperatures far below that of water. It is also the Hydrogen bond which is responsible for the large amount of heat energy needed to convert water from liquid to gas. You read "Water" in category "Papers" Water is therefore a great stabilizer of temperature which is essential to the survival of life on this planet. It accounts for more moderate temperatures near large bodies of water. This property is also exploited by many living organisms. Sweat, and its evaporation is a vital cooling process for biological mammals and depend greatly on the large amount of heat energy required to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Hydrogen bonding maintains the integrity of the water molecule during chemical reactions. Other compounds undergo chemical changes (ionization), where as water will maintain its chemical integrity. As a result water is a poor conductor of electrical current. Hydrogen bonding is the reason for the lower density of ice relative to water. In conclusion, three main unique features which are the consequences of hydrogen bonding in water are: melting point, surface tension, density. These and other unique properties of water are responsible for the important role that water plays in life. Water’s Important Role Water is the single most abundant molecule in living things. It provides the medium in which most biochemical interactions occur. Some biochemical reactions water is involved in are: cellular respiration, digestion, and photosynthesis. Water is the home for many animals, plants and micro-organisms. Water is involved in the cycling of all other material by living things both on a local and global scale. Water has a number of unique and unusual properties that are responsible for its important roles it plays in the biosphere. BOILING AND MELTING POINTS. Water has unusually high boiling and freezing points compared to other compounds with similar molecular structure. A comparison of boiling and freezing points can be seen in the following chart. Notice only water has a boiling and melting point that exists within the range of life. The boiling point of water is a unique 100oC results is and the freezing point is a remarkable 0oC due to the fact of the polar nature of the water molecule and hydrogen bonding. Two important, but not unique, properties of water for life are that water is liquid at normal temperatures over much of the earth and that water is transparent. If water were not liquid, nutrients could not flow from soil to the roots of plants, blood could not circulate, and bodies of organisms would be so rigid that they could not move. If water were not transparent, light could not penetrate through cellular protoplasm into chloroplasts to drive photosynthesis in plants, you would be blind because light could not penetrate through the vitreous humor to the retina of your eyes, and light could not penetrate into lakes to allow growth of phytoplankton. Clearly life cannot exist without the amazing properties of water. SOLVENT CAPABILITY. A solvent is a substance capable of dissolving another substance (solute) to form a homogeneous mixture (solution) at a molecular level. The polar nature of water makes it an excellent solvent especially with other polar compounds such as salts, alcohols, carboxylic compounds and many more. As a solvent water is unsurpassed in it’s ability to dissolve a wide range of inorganic and organic substances. More substances dissolve in water than any other known substance. The versitility of water as a solvent allows it to serve as the medium of transport for so many materials. This is true both for individual organism and for the biosphere as a whole. The essential transport systems including blood, lymph, and urine are all water based. Without water’s solvent capabilities to make three systems work, life could not exist. A LESS DENSE SOLID FORM. Water exists in liquid form over a wide range of temperatures outside of which life processess are slowed down or halted completely. Between 4?c and the freezing point at 0?c, an amazing thing happens that occurs with very few substances, Water gradually expands becoming less dense. Water is the only substance where the liquid state is heavier than the solid state. All other substances the solid form is denser than the liquid form. Since the density of ice is less than that of liquid Walter, ice floats on water. It is very significant that ice expands and floats on water because if lakes and streams froze from the bottom to the top, aquatic life would not even exist, and climate and weather patterns would be altered drastically. This is an important quality of water because as ice forms it floats on top of the water. It acts to provide a thermal blanket for the rest of the water beneath and all its many life forms. This is important because if water behaved like all other substances, water bodies would freeze from the bottom up and in most cases would never thaw completely during summer. This would have a dramatic cooling effect globally and would impact all life on earth. LARGE HEAT CAPACITY. The remarkable property of water is it’s extremely high capacity to absorb heat without a significant increase in temperature. We see examples of this all the time. For example, under the summer sun at the beach, sand will increase in temperature to the point where it is too hot to walk on, whereas the water temperature is still cool, even though both are heated by the same amount of solar heat energy. Water has the largest heat capacity of any common substance. This means that water takes more heat energy to raise the temperature of water a given number of degrees than for any other material. In cooling water gives up more heat than any other material. This property is important globally and individually. Individually, the high heat capacity buffers organisms from sudden extreme shifts in temperature which would be harmful to it. Globally, the oceans moderate seasonal temperature fluctuations. That is why coastal areas are cooler than inland areas at the same latitude. These differences influence the weather globally. And without weather changes life would be very unbearable. The absorption of huge amounts of solar heat energy by water during the day and the slow release of heat energy during the night is responsible for the moderate climate in the coastal areas. A wider range of temperatures typically exist inland away from bodies of water. If not for the vast oceans on earth tempering the climate life would not exist. This property combines with the MPIBP property to create the water cycle which supports life on earth. HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION. Water has an extraordinarily high heat of vaporization. On average it takes 580 calories to convert one gram of water into water vapour. A value that is higher than any other common substance. This property is of important significance to animals in regulating body temperature because of the large amount of body heat that is required to evaporate water (sweat). Without this property of water, organisms would overheat and die and the climate would be thrown into chaos. SURFACE TENSION. Water has the highest surface tension of any other liquid except Mercury. Surface tension is the attractive force exerted by the molecules below the surface on those at the liquid-air interface. The liquid is restrained from flowing by this inward force. The exceptionally high surface tension of water is due to the hydrogen bonding of water. This is demonstrated when you see an insect being able to support itself on the surface layer of water. The surface tension also leads to a higher viscosity as it doesn’t flow as easily. This is known as the clumping effect like the high melting point and boiling point the clumping effect occurs in liquid, that have hydrogen bonding. Conclusion All of these unusual properties stem from the unusual structure and bonding patterns of the water molecule. The molecule is strongly polar because of its uneven distribution of electrons. This allows water to interact easily with other polar substances which accounts for the great solvent power of water. The electronegativity difference between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water molecules is responsible for the establishing of hydrogen bonds between molecules. It is the mutual attraction of water molecules that accounts for the ability of water to remain liquid over a broad range of temperature (0oC-100oC) and also for its high heat of vaporization and high heat capacity. Water could not have all these special characteristics/properties without its unique shape and bonding patterns, life could not exist if not for these special properties of water, espacally the hydrogen bond. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on water from our professional custom writing service which provides high-quality custom written papers on any topic. How to cite Water, Papers Water Free Essays

Ergonomic Solutions for Arthritic Workers-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on Ergonomic Solutions for Arthritic Workers. Answer: Introduction Ergonomics can be considered to be a scientific regulation concerned about the understanding of diverse dealings with humans as well as other components of a particular system. In essence, the ergonomics also indicates towards a profession that implements notions, principles, mechanisms as well as data for designing in a bid to optimise the overall well-being as well as performance of the system. The current study refers to ergonomics along with human factors that is often utilized in association to diverse physical facets of the environment. This includes workstations and control panels whilst human factors are often utilized in relation to the extensive system in which different people operate. However, the study incorporates knowledge acquired from different subjects namely anatomy, psychology, statistics, engineering along with physiology. Then the same can make certain that designs can complement the overall strength as well as capabilities of individuals and minimise overall in fluence of the restrictions. The present study presents a general illustration of the expected challenges for staffs as well as administration staff of the who continue to operate between the time period 8 am to 8pm. The current section helps in identification of the issues that reflects that shift workers might face the risk of injury. Essentially, limited involvement with employees in schedule choice, lengthy days of work and a surplus of successive work days are necessarily associated to augmented ergonomics risk and associated injuries (Young et al. 2015). Analysis of the given case reflects the fact that the shift work as well as long work hours enhances overall risk for condensed performance on particular job, flabbiness, injuries, as well as an extensive range of chronic diseases. Additionally, errors associated to fatigue can harm the employees and overall productivity of company. However, fatigued employees can hereby endanger diverse others specifically during their operations (Pheasant and Haslegrave 2016). Presentation of the findings Ergonomics Investigations based on specific issues and problems The present case helps in recognition of the pitiable work life state and sleep deprivation might also direct the way towards injuries of ergonomics and lost workdays, particularly among members of staff in extended hours (Carayon 2016). Again, there remains a link or association between diverse work practices as well as ergonomics injuries namely musculoskeletal disorders. As per the given case, Amazing Suppliers happens to be a large corporation that operate as a supplier of a wide variety of goods to the public through online shop. In addition to this, there are huge businesses along with demand that is high for their products. In particular, at the Leeds warehouse, the management arrives at a specific decision that aims to introduce 24 hours of working in certain areas (Carayon 2016). The given case also replicates the fact that the warehouse has a specific range of roles and involves the ones who will be operating throughout the entire 24 hours. Primarily, these employees mainly include warehouse staff, whilst administration staff shall continue to operate between 8 am to 8 pm. In essence, the entire board of directors have the need to put forward suggestions regarding the way the novel working hours can be rolled out together with details of diverse concerns that might be faced. The current study helps in gaining deep insight and integrative assessment of selected health as well as safety issues related to overtime as extended shifts of work. As rightly indicated by Xie and Carayon (2015), 30% of male workers as well as 41% of female workers registered chronic or else recurrent back pain, whilst 16% of male members and 27% of female members registered chronic or else recurrent wrist pain. The extended work hours also lead to sleep deprivation that can possibly be damaging when considered from the perspective of muscle, tendon injury else wise ligament. However, with the mean extended hours, the members of the staff who sleep for merely 5 hours to around 5.5 hours each and every day at the time of functioning at night shift, they probably could encounter an augmented risk of ergonomics damage (Jonker et al. 2015). As correctly put forward by Thatcher (2013), there are exhaustive illustrations regarding significant issues associated to long hours of work. There remains an integrative analysis of 52 currently published research reports that help in assessing the overall associations between long hours of work and different illness, behaviours regarding health, performance and diverse injuries. Analysis of outcomes shows around 16 out of 22 studies indicating towards general health influences, overtime was related to poorer professed general health, augmented rate of injury, increased illness or else augmented mortality. In addition to this, meta-analysis of particularly longer hours of work advocated a possibly weak association with preterm birth. Additionally, overtime was also related to detrimental gain in weight in two different studies, enhanced intake of alcohol in two out of three diverse studies, amplified smoking in one out of the two studies, and poorer neuropsychological test performa nce in one study. However, there are also certain research works that do not support the present trend, establishing no association between physical action and no association with abuse of drug. Wilson (2014) asserts that an outline of deteriorating performance on diverse psycho physiological tests along with injuries whilst longer hours of work was witnessed across different findings of the study. In particular, with shifts of longer time period and shifts of 12 hours are assimilated with over and above 40 hours of work every week that subsequently lead to injuries. The volume of legislative action observed nationwide reflects a sensitive level of societal concern as well as appropriateness of the issue. Stanton et al. (2014) mentions that there are performance measures that comprise of automobile crashes, examination of specific of cognitive functioning, examination of subjective alertness as well as executive functioning. The management of the firm can consider utilization of the following tools, dimensions and analysis for the purpose of providing suggestions to the board of directors are issued (Young et al. 2015). Multi latency test:-Multiple latency sleep test (MSLT) can be considered as the sleep disorder diagnostic instrument that can measure the overall time that passed from the beginning of daytime nap to the first indication of sleep known as sleep latency (Pheasant and Haslegrave 2016). The management of the firm Amazing Suppliers might take into consideration the appointment of a sleep technologist who can analyse the MSLT data and maintain chart that can reflect the time when workers fell asleep during the period of each and every nap study. It is also important to observe sleep stages and at the same time determine the time when people went into REM. Again, patients suffering from narcolepsy have two or more than two REM particularly during MSLT. Particularly, the technologists can handover the outcomes of the observations to the board approved sleep medicine doctor to analyse. Again, the doctor can use this specific information for arriving at diagnosis. In case if the doctor requir es more data, the matter can be discussed with the technologist. In this case, the manager can arrange for a test, study group of workers in segregated into different departments and carry out the test (Carayon 2016). Advice: Therefore, the board of directors of the corporation might consider results of diverse multiple sleep latency tests that can be normally registered as 4-5 latencies. In this case, the sleep onset along with the mean can be analysed for this purpose. The dimensions of MSLT can help in enumerating day time sleep tendency (Jonker et al. 2015). Then the board of directors of the company can accordingly design and develop system for the purpose of organizing work and personal life. Essentially, board of directors of the company can develop shift of the work, occupational disease, and occupational injury, lenience and tolerance as regards work schedule, job stress, occupational exposure, overtime operation and extended work shifts. Epworth Sleepiness scale: The manager can also make use of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale that refers to a self-administered questionnaire having 8 questions. In this case, respondents are requested to rate their usual possibilities of dozing off or falling asleep during the time remaining engaged in 8 different actions on a 4 point scale that ranges between 0 to 3 (Thatcher 2013). However, majority of the individuals participate in these activities occasionally, even though not every day. Essentially, the ESS score might possibly range from necessarily 0 to 24. Analysis of ESS reveals that higher the ESS score, the greater is the average propensity of sleep of an individual in everyday life (ASP), or else daytime sleepiness. The management of the Amazing Suppliers therefore might utilize this specific instrument for the purpose of analyzing effective work hours of the workers during which they actively work. In essence, the ESS is not a checklist for recognizing situations in which re spondents can frequently dozes during a particular time of the day. Also, it also does not measure the level of alertness or else drowsiness of an individual as Optalert technology does (Stanton et al. 2014). Moreover, ESS helps in distinguishing accounts of dozing behaviour from fatigue feelings as well as drowsiness. In addition to this, the ESS was selected on a priori base to reflect actions with an extensive range of diverse of diverse somnificities. However, their comparative somnificities can be later confirmed by analysis of variance and by particularly by Rasch Analysis. The comparative somnificities of specifically ESS actions are alike in diverse diagnostic groups as well as populations, regardless of the overall level of average sleep propensity (ASP) and the subsistence else wise absence of disorders of sleep. The management of the company Amazing Suppliers can utilize the usual format in which item score of each ESS can be registered between the ranges 0 to 3. Then aga in, 4 different boxes can be presented with labels between the ranges 0 to 3 might be presented to the respondents for each questions. Thus, the total score of specifically ESS can provide an approximation of particularly general features, individuals average propensity of sleep and does not deal with subjective feelings of alertness. Essentially, the scores of ESS can be aptly derived from interviews and that might be valid and that requires confirmation (Thatcher 2013). Advice: The board of directors of the corporation can be recommended to develop work schedule that can help in maintaining healthy work and leisure balance. The outcomes based on the results of the Epworth Sleepiness scale can help in assessing probability of feeling asleep that might be essential for delivering appropriate diagnosis. Accordingly specific medical advices can be taken so that employees could become more productive and improve effectiveness of operations (Jonker et al. 2015). Cognitive testing methods: As rightly put forward by Xie and Carayon (2015), cognitive testing methods refer to thorough evaluation of different cognitive abilities of humans along with other animals. Essentially, this kind of study can be considered to be significant to research concerned particularly the philosophy and psychology along with determination of both human as well as animal intelligence. Determination of disability is founded on specific signs as well as indication of disease, impairment as well as sickness. Psychological examination might probably assist in the process of informing the analysis of functional capability of an individual, specifically within the sphere of cognitive operation. In particular, cognitive tests cam be administered for analysis of cognitive impairment. Present cognitive testing mechanisms can help in presenting certain promising leads on diverse impacts of stress on particularly human performance. Managers of this Amazing Suppliers can utilize this instrument in this case for gaining comprehensive understanding regarding psychological influence of stress (Jonker et al. 2015). Again, the measures fall into different categories that mainly depends on neuro-physiological or else bodily alterations in the process of understanding stress, self report and performance or else behavioural alterations. Dimensions of physiological responses can help in understanding the stressors that can head to diverse decrements in performance and assessable physiological as well as affective reactions. Thus, board of directors of the corporation can identify different stressors that have different impacts and there exists considerable variations in the impacts of stress on different individuals. Thus, this instrument can help the management of the organization to comprehend the effect of the longer hours of work and fatigue on the overall performance of the workers (Carayon 2016). Discussion of solutions as well as anticipated challenges Analysis of the given case study can help in presenting recommended solutions and anticipated challenges. As per the findings of diverse studies, it can be hereby mentioned that ergonomic risks associated to the case of longer work hours include reduced performance level on job, decreases the entire capability of the employees to focus; lowers time of reaction; and lessens the overall potential to memorize and learn diverse new facts as well as skills. In addition to this, it can be said that this sleep deprivation can lead to diverse anticipated challenges (Pheasant and Haslegrave 2016). The anticipated challenges direct the way towards tetchiness, awful mood, condensed communication proficiency and capability to deal with the emotional burden of the place of work. Furthermore, researchers also report that potential of decision-making worsens and risk-assuming behaviour enhances. Significantly, learners discovered that sleep-deprived workers failed to identify their poor performance . The solutions for the identified problems involve designing strategies for promoting progress, developing education and training programs for diverse managers that can assist in enhancing appreciation as well as knowledge regarding demands of shift work, longer hours of work, and associated sleep and fatigue concerns. Strategies for diverse managers as well as employers involve improvement of design of work schedules, promotion of frequent breaks during shifts of operation, fostering different policies as well as systems that can lessen the overall fatigue risk and related problems of health. Additionally, places of work can necessarily undertake periodic evaluation to assess the influence of schedules of operation on both factors on as well as factors off the particular job accountabilities. Particularly, no blame system of reporting that is anonymous can help in acquiring pronouncements on certain incidents and evaluate in case if fatigue was necessarily a contributing facet (Th atcher 2013). Stratagems for workers comprise of permitting adequate time specifically for sleep and adopting best business practices as well as behaviours for maximization of sleep as well as consciousness. Workers having sleeping disorders due to longer working hours can ask for an evaluation along with treatment for sleep disorder expert. Again, workers can also acquire advantage from educating regarding their particular needs and reducing conflicts that arise between work and home (Thatcher 2013). Conclusion The current study helps in identifying the extensive negative influences of longer working hours and subsequent issues and ergonomic injuries. Essentially, the current section also presents ergonomics investigations based on particular issues and problems. Furthermore, the study also utilizes specific testing mechanisms such as multi-latency tests, cognitive testing mechanisms as well as Epworth Sleepiness scale for identification of enumeration of fatigue that might be caused by longer hours of work. The findings of the study also show the ill effects that include flabbiness, injuries and extensive range of different chronic diseases. And shows the way this also leads to fatigue associated errors. Thereafter the study illustratively explains the way it harms employees and hampers level of efficiency of employees. Thereafter, the study discusses the solutions to the identified problems that include implementation of education as well as training programs for different managers along with staff members. This in turn can help in enhancements of knowledge regarding the demands of work shift and appreciation and development of stratagems for reduction of the identified risks. References Carayon, P. ed., 2016.Handbook of human factors and ergonomics in health care and patient safety. CRC Press. Jonker, D., Gustafsson, E., Rolander, B., Arvidsson, I. and Nordander, C., 2015. Health surveillance under adverse ergonomics conditionsvalidity of a screening method adapted for the occupational health service.Ergonomics,58(9), pp.1519-1528. Pheasant, S. and Haslegrave, C.M., 2016.Bodyspace: Anthropometry, ergonomics and the design of work. CRC Press. Stanton, N.A., Young, M.S. and Harvey, C., 2014.Guide to methodology in ergonomics: Designing for human use. CRC Press. Thatcher, A., 2013. Green ergonomics: definition and scope.Ergonomics,56(3), pp.389-398. Wilson, J.R., 2014. Fundamentals of systems ergonomics/human factors.Applied ergonomics,45(1), pp.5-13. Xie, A. and Carayon, P., 2015. A systematic review of human factors and ergonomics (HFE)-based healthcare system redesign for quality of care and patient safety.Ergonomics,58(1), pp.33-49. Young, M.S., Brookhuis, K.A., Wickens, C.D. and Hancock, P.A., 2015. State of science: mental workload in ergonomics.Ergonomics,58(1), pp.1-17.

Critical Evaluation of Binaural Hearing Marketing Strategy Cochlear Ltd

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness Introduction: Definition of Concepts Strategic management refers to the methodical examination of the factors related with clients and competitors and the firm to come up with the ground for maintaining maximum management practices. Simply put, it is the process of examining the internal and external environments of an organization (BusinessDictionary.com, Web). Strategic management involves examination, decisions, and actions that a firm carries out to create and maintain competitive advantages (Dess, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Competitive Strategy refers to continual plan of action designed to enable an organization achieve a competitive advantage in a certain market segment or over its competitors (BusinessDictionary.com, Web). Deriving from this, strategic competitiveness is the advantage that one firm has ove r its competitors. This essay seeks to examine Toyota Corporation on various aspects. Impact of Globalization and Technology on Toyota Corporation There exist different definitions for globalization but for the sake of this essay, globalization is the evident identifiable organization of firms and regulations that enable taking of advantage of communities and states and their resources by international companies (Vogel, 2008). Globalization happens not only in the developing world but also in the developed world. For instance, Toyota has 13 operational manufacturing units in North America (Vogel, 2008). The Toyota Corporation laid claim to the fact that its revenues went up due to ‘lean manufacturing’ but looked at closely, that translates to a myth. Globalization has enabled Toyota Corporation to venture out into regions that have cheap labor. This is what the company has taken advantage of, as well as the drastic slashing of operational costs to boost its revenues (Vo gel, 2008). Where technology is concerned, Toyota has engaged in hybrid technology, an idea that saves on fuel consumption. This has lead to a high demand for such cars and more revenues for the company (Vogel, 2008). Industrial Organization Model Industrial organization Model of above Average Returns looks that the external environment influences the strategic plans of an organization. According to the model, the production field that an organization opts to compete in has a greater impact on performance than the options that the management comes up with in the company (Adner Helfat, 2003). The organizational performance is seen to be influenced by such industry features like economies of scale, penetration barriers, differentiation of products and services, diversifying, and the level of concentration of organizations in the industry (Adner Helfat, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The model operates on four assumptions. First, external environment exerts force and constraints that will influence the strategies that will lead to above-average returns (Adner Helfat, 2003). Secondly, majority of the rivals take charge alike strategically relevant inputs and such inputs dictate the companies’ strategies (Adner Helfat, 2003). The third assumption intimates that inputs used to realize strategies are highly movable across organizations and as such, input gaps between various cannot last long (Adner Helfat, 2003). Lastly, a company’s management is rational and acts in the best interest of the organization as indicated by their desire to maximize profits (Adner Helfat, 2003). The model decrees that firms must identify the most appealing industry in which to compete. This is informed by the fact that firms in any industry have similar valuable inputs that are transferrable from one firm to the other and that for fir ms must therefore compete in the industry with the greatest profit potential (Adner Helfat, 2003). In addition, firms must learn ways of utilizing their inputs to execute strategy required by the field’s structure features (Adner Helfat, 2003). Toyota could earn above average returns if it embarks on the technological innovativeness that has driven it throughout the years. More research should be carried out on hybrid models of vehicles. Resource Based Model This model is based on the uniqueness of an organization’s internal inputs and abilities. A five-stage system explains the interconnections between input identification and method selection that will afford the company over average profitability (Open Learning World.com, n.d.). Therefore, the model emphasizes that an organization’s inputs and skills are more crucial to realization of profitability than the external resources or strategic decisions (Open Learning World.com, n.d.). The five stages include in puts, skills, competitive edge, an appealing industry and strategy formulation and execution as explained hereafter. Primarily, organizations must identify their internal inputs, and gauge their strengths and weaknesses against rivals’ strengths and weaknesses (Open Learning World.com, n.d.). Secondly, organizations must know what set of inputs grant the organization capabilities that are special to the organization compared to their rivals (Open Learning World.com, n.d.). The company should then gauge the potential for their special group of inputs and skills to outdo their competitors regarding profitability. In other words, the organization should prognosticate how the inputs can grant them competitive edge in the industry (Open Learning World.com, n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fourth stage involves de tecting and competing in an appealing industry (Open Learning World.com, n.d.). Lastly, if companies must realize above average profits, they must come up and execute strategies that enable them to utilize their inputs in a better way to exploit chances in the external environment (Open Learning World.com, n.d.). Toyota is currently the world’s greatest car manufacturer. This implies enough internal resources and all that they need to do is to come up with strategies to allow them exploit the external environment where they have a niche too in selling hybrid cars (Vogel, 2008). Toyota’s Vision and Mission Statement and Their Impact The company’s global vision as it is called influences the company’s overall success in that, it encompasses all stakeholders and gives a very special place to the global environment. In addition, the global vision takes keen interest on current and future innovations, which the company expects to be the best. In other words, t he mission and vision statement adopts both industrial organization model – focus on external environment- and resource-based model – focus on the internal resources and capabilities (Vogel, 2008). Lastly, the company utilizes both internal and external stakeholders to reach great heights in the industry. The company engages the best employees possible and trains them accordingly. In addition, due to its superior innovations and eco-friendly products, the company is in tandem with its actual and potential customers (Vogel, 2008). Conclusion For any company to succeed in an industry, several factors must be at play. The company must understand the whole concept of globalization. In addition, they must be aware how globalization can affect the company. It must take advantage of such incentives like cheap labor force and local government subsidies. In addition, the company must focus closely on its internal resources as well as its external resources or opportunities ther ein. Unique internal resources enable a company to go out and exploit opportunities in the external environment. Lastly, the mission and vision statement must encompass all that a company intends to do.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Adner, R., Helfat, C. E. (2003). Corporate Effects and Dyanamic Managerial Capabilities. Strategic Management Journal , 1011-1025. Web. BusinessDictionary.com. (Web). Strategic Management. Web. Dess, G. G. (2005). Strategic Management (2nd Edition ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Open Learning World.com. (n.d.). Resource Based Model. Web. Vogel, R. D. (2008). How Globalization Works: Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Texas (TMMTX) A Case Study. Web.

Marketing Assignment 2 BENG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Assignment 2 BENG - Essay Example does it offer sufficient growth rate to warrant investment, and how strong the company vis-Ã  -vis its competitors in the industry i.e. how much market share it command in the industry. Estelami2 stated that BCG matrix can also be employed under product elimination decisions (55-56). Thus using this model, the company can plot all of the its businesses or products in the matrix and identify the best strategies for businesses (product) in various categories. Thus, the model gives clear guidance to a company as to how it should go about its investment decisions. The concept of product life cycle is based on the concept of human life cycle. According to Kotler & Keller (2007)3 products passes through various stages of their lives. At each stage the position of the product in the market is different and thus it have to respond accordingly. To help that marketers can use various strategies suggested for the various stages. Drive Thru – This is in the growth stage marked by recent surge in the number of drive thrus that are witnessed. There life cycle will stretched, given the busy life styles; people would love to have them. Cart and Kiosks - It have been the earliest form of coffee shops, though earlier mostly managed by unorganized nondescript market players. Then the sophisticated organized players taked it up and have introducing a lot of innovative features in to it. So I would say the organized players resuscitated this product form. Currently the product will in maturity stage given the kind of competition we see. Growth stage - Marked by the entry of competition, the stage witness a segmented approach to marketing and separate marketing mix to various segments. The firm may go for skimming by lowering the price; the product will have new features and improved versions; the advertising would shift from product awareness to preference building. Maturity Stage – This stage witness heavy price discounts and trade promotion.

Application Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Application Problem - Essay Example Play – Doh is made with a mixture of flour, water, boric acid, silicon oil and salt. It might look simple in beginning like Plato but once further examined it can be found that it opens a new world to the imagination. Plato is a human genius in every form and his intelligence, wisdom and logic cannot be compared with anyone on planet. In the same way Play – Doh is perfect in the form of clay and can take any shape according to the logic and intelligence of its user. In the same way Plato is molded by Socrates his teacher, Play – Doh can be molded by children and teachers in the way they wish. Plato has hand in the development of Aristotle and Play – Doh has hand in the creation of silly putty. â€Å"The Dialogue† is the famous literary composition between Plato and Aristotle and Play – Doh is also created by two visionaries named Noah and Joseph McVicar.Plato encouraged the whole world to think different and uniquely and Play – Doh also let the children think and be creative beyond imagination. Both Plato and Play – Doh brings out the best out of human mind and make them productive and creative. Plato opened up a world of wisdom to people and encourage them to think out of the box and Play – Doh give opportunity to the children to be something what they want to be and unique from others. Plato believed that all people should remain happy and joyful in life and when in contact with Play – Doha children are also the happiest. Plato explained that everything in the world always changes its appearance and never remains the same. In the same way Play – Doh also changes its shape and form and never remains the same.Inthe same way Plato influences the mind of a person Play – Doh too influences the minds of millions of children all over the world. Plato is a world famous person in the history and Play – Doh is also world famous in the children’s

Relationship Between a Conductors Length and Wire

Relationship Between a Conductors Length and Wire Electricity has become very useful and has changed everyones life since the day it was discovered. What is Conductivity? What is Resistance? What is the best conductor of electricity? What is Nichrome Wire? There are many factors that influence the electrical resistance in wires, going through a current in circuits. The length of the wire and the cross-sectional area are two very important variables. The flow of charge through wires is often compared to the flow of water through pipes. The resistance to the flow of charge in an electric circuit is analogous to the frictional effects between water and the pipe surfaces as well as the resistance offered by obstacles that are present in its path (The Physics classroom,2016) The total length of the wires will affect the amount of resistance. The longer the wire, the more resistance that there will be. There is a direct relationship between the amount of resistance encountered by charge and the length of wire it must traverse. After all, if resistance occurs as the result of collisions between charge carriers and the atoms of the wire, then there is likely to be more collisions in a longer wire. More collisions mean more resistance. The cross-sectional area of the wires will affect the amount of resistance. Wider wires have a greater cross-sectional area. Water will flow through a wider pipe at a higher rate than it will flow through a narrow pipe. This can be attributed to the lower amount of resistance that is present in the wider pipe. (The Physics classroom,2016) In the same manner, the wider the wire, the less resistance that there will be to the flow of electric charge. When all other variables are the same, charge will flow at higher rates through wider wires with greater cross-sectional areas than through thinner wires.[AR3] Another formula that will be used is the resistance formula which will   Ã‚   (Physicsclassroom, 2016) To work out the cross-sectional area of the wire, the formula The wire that will be used in the experiment is nichrome 30 wire which has a radius of 0.000125m and also nichrome 22 wire, with a radius of 0.0346mm [AR4](3.46e-5m) Ohms law deals with the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy. For example, if you have a simple circuit with a battery powering a lamp, the electrons will move from the negative side of the battery, through the lamp and then to the positive side. The voltage or the difference in electrical potential energy, between the positive and negative ends of the battery would be the amount labelled on the battery because the charge was used to move the electron around the circuit. A good analogy for voltage is a waterfall. The water at the top of the waterfall is similar to the negatively charged electrons and the water at the bottom of fall is similar to the discharged electrons. As the water flows from the top of the fall to the bottom it loses all of it gravitational potential energy just like the electrons losing their charge when they travel around the circuit. Current is the total amount of charge passing through a conductor over a period of time. The water analogy for current would be how fast the water is flowing or how much water is passing through a bit of river over a period of time. [AR5](Crash Course, 2016) Ohms law can be summarised with (Hyperphysics, 2016) Since the results of the experiment will be recorded using a voltmeter and ammeter, the resistance will have to be calculated using ohms law re-arranged   Ã‚   (Hyperphysics, 2016) Resistivity P (Ohm M) = and a resistivity coefficient 1.1010-6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦m to 1.5010-6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦m at 20 °C so this figure will be used in the resistance formula [AR6](Elert, 2016)   Change of conductor length [AR7] 4.481[AR8] Change of conductor cross sectional area R= 3.00 R= 6.00 Lengths of conductor Resistance wire area of Resistance wire area of 3.46e-5m 0.2 4.481 3.000 0.4 8.964 6.000 0.6 13.44 9.011 0.8 17.92 12.015 1 22.4 15.019 This process was repeated for all figures/ conductor cross sectional area and the following graph and tables gives the result[AR9] Figure 1 The graph above shows the resistance when the wire cross sectional area is at 3.46e-5m, while the length of the wire/ conductor changes The above research prompts the following hypothesis: If the length of an electrical conductor increases, then the conductors resistance will increase[AR10], if the cross-sectional area increases, then the resistance will increase because resistance occurs due to charge carriers and the atoms of the wire colliding, longer wire, more collisions[AR11][AR12]. Equipment was gathered which included a voltmeter, ammeter, 12v power supply and nichrome wire were all joined together to making a complete circuit[AR14]. Alligator clip leads helped to complete the circuit. Pliers were used to straighten and scissors to cut the wire. 0.20m of nichrome wire was put into the circuit and was taped to the metre ruler to keep the wire as straight as possible so the length can be measured as accurate as possible. The length of varied, the wire went up by 0.20m intervals all the way up too 1.20m, starting from 0.20 Figure 3: Self Drawn, Word [AR15] The voltmeter was in parallel to the exposed nichrome wire because it measured the energy difference between two points. If it was connected in series it would barley measure anything because the energy difference would be so insignificant. The ammeter measured the current passing through the wire. If it was connected in parallel, it would not be measuring the current through the nichrome wire. A light bulb was used to consume the energy to avoid a short circuit[AR16]. The independent variable was the length of the exposed nichrome wire. The dependent variable was the electrical resistance of the wire. The controlled variables included wire thickness, material, temperature, as these are all known variables that effect resistance, same equipment because small differences in calibration will affect their readings, same people doing the same jobs so that everything thing is done in the same way each time, same circuit/configuration as to not produce inconsistencies. This experiment was hazardous, injury was avoided as precautions were taken. All sharp objects such as scissors and pliers were used with caution to avoid cuts and pinches. Eye protection was used when cutting to avoid pieces of wire flying into eyes. Electrocution was avoided by having dry hands and only modifying the circuit when the power supply was off.[AR17] To find Resistance This Formula above was used to find the Resistance Resistance[AR19] coefficent @ 1.1010-6m wire area of 3.46e-5m Wire Length (m) Current Trial 1 (A) Current Trial 2 (A) Current Trial 3[AR20] (A) Average Current Voltage Trial 1 (V) Voltage Trial 2 (V) Voltage Trial 3 (V) Average Voltage (V) Average Resistance(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) 0.00 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0880 0.025 0.032 0.028 0.028 0.318 0.20 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.0875 0.276 0.272 0.264 0.270 3.068 0.40 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.0875 0.523 0.518 0.526 0.523 5.943 0.60 0.088 0.088 0.089 0.0885 0.775 0.772 0.762 0.770 8.75 0.80 0.087 0.084 0.083 0.0855 0.960 0.920 0.950 0.943 10.71 1.00 0.088 0.086 0.087 0.0860 1.120 1.122 1.120 1.120 12.72 1.20 0.088 0.089 0.088 0.0885 1.450 1.450 1.450 1.450 16.47 Resistance coefficent @ 1.1010-6 ¦m @ wire area of Wire Length (m) Current Trial 1 (A) Current Trial 2 (A) Current Trial 3 (A) Average Current Voltage Trial 1 (V) Voltage Trial 2 (V) Voltage Trial 3 (V) Average Voltage (V) Average Resistance(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) 0.00 0.088 0.080 0.088 0.0850 0.050 0.056 0.054 0.055 0.625 0.20 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0880 0.340 0.340 0.340 0.340 3.863 0.40 0.089 0.088 0.088 0.0885 0.599 0.659 0.659 0.659 7.488 0.60 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0880 0.860 0.910 0.910 0.910 10.34 0.80 0.087 0.087 0.088 0.0875 1.134 1.234 1.233 1.233 14.01 1.00 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.0880 1.340 1.642 1.642 1.642 20.52 1.20 0.088 0.089 0.088 0.0885 1.601 1.601 1.601 1.601 26.008 From the results It is nearly impossible to get perfect results as the independent are not able to be controlled. [AR22] When the wire was at 0.20m, the resistance was 3.865 ÃŽÂ © and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 3.068 ÃŽÂ © Knowing that per the original hypothesis that the wider the cross sectional, less resistance. So, when the wire was at 0.20m, it agrees with the hypothesis. Comparing the theoretical data to the actual results when the wire was 3.46e-5m were surprisingly close. Knowing that the result was 3.068 ÃŽÂ © and the theoretical data was 3.00 ÃŽÂ ©.[AR23] When the wire was at 0.40m, the resistance was 7.488 ÃŽÂ © and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 5.943 ÃŽÂ ©. Again, agreeing with the hypothesis. The theoretical data was also close the actual result. If the length of an electrical conductor increases, then the conductors resistance will increase was stated in my hypothesis and was supported by the results as the length increased to 0.40m and the end result of the resistance was increased from 3.865 to 7.488 When the wire was at 0.60m, the resistance was 10.34 and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 8.75 When the wire was at 0.80m, the resistance was 14.01 and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 10.71 When the wire was at 1.00m, the resistance was 20.52 and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 12.72 When the wire was at 1.20m, the resistance was 26.008 and when the wire area cross sectional was 3.46e-5m the resistance was 16.47[AR24] There are many possible errors with this experiment Parallax view is the difference of where the objects apparent positioning is, changing due to the change in viewing angle. This may have caused a problem as the ammeter and voltmeter both have needled in front of the scale/numbers. To get the correct numbers while using both these measuring instruments, it was a necessity to read the numbers perpendicular to both the ammeter and voltmeter. The makers of both of these instruments have thought of this and there will often will be a reflective strip below the scale so that the user can line up the real pointer with the pointer reflection so they know that their eye is perpendicular to the surface. Another simpler solution would be to use digital devices that tell you the exact number, leaving out the ability for human error. Whenever a conductor has a current flowing through it, the resistance will generate heat, which then makes the conductor more resistive. In a conductor like nichrome, used in heating elements because of its high resistivity, it takes longer for it to heat up and to reach a resistance that is stable. If the resistance was measured when it wasnt stable, then you would receive results that were lower than the actual value. The obvious solution to this is to wait a little bit after the power supply is turned on so the wire has time to heat up or to use a thermometer to make sure that the wire is the same temperature. [AR26](Electrical4u.com, 2016) Another error was the length of the wire. Even though the wire was as straight as possible when put into the circuit, there were still slight bends in the nichrome wire making slightly longer than the actually measurement. This would affect the results as instead of the wire being exactly 0.80m; it might be 0.83m, which would be enough to change the resistance total. Another error that I was faced with is, If a wire is bent past its minimum bend radius, the cross-sectional area of the damaged section will be smaller. Because a bent wire has a smaller cross sectional area, its resistance will increase. This applies to the experiment in terms of wire degradation and wire handling. The wires need to be of a consistent cross sectional area, otherwise, the results will inaccurate.[AR27] [AR28] References   Ã‚   Physicsclassroom.com. (2016). Ohms Law. [online] Available at: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-3/Ohm-s-Law (Accessed 5 Mar 17). Physicsclassroom.com. (2016). Resistance. [online] Available at: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-3/Resistance (Accessed 5 Mar 17). Pic Wire Cable. (2016). Cable Bend Radius | Coaxial Cable Bend Radius | Triaxial Cable Bend Radius. [online] Available at: http://www.picwire.com/technical/bend_radius.php [Accessed 14 Nov. 2016].at: http://www.picwire.com/technical/bend_radius.php (Accessed 5 Mar 17). Crash Course, (2016). Electric Current: Crash Course Physics #28. [image] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXOok3mfMLMlist=PL8dPuuaLjXtN0ge7yDk_UA0ldZJdhwkoVindex=28 (Accessed 5 Mar 17). Electrical4u.com. (2016). Joules Law of Heating | Electrical4u. [online] Available at: http://www.electrical4u.com/joules-law/ (Accessed 5 Mar 17). [AR1]Put more detail into your abstract. See the document online titled Deadly EEI. They have a whole section abstracts: An abstract is a paragraph, that if read by itself, summarises the project in the least possible words (usually 100 200). It should include the aim, principles/techniques employed and a very brief statement of your results and conclusions. The criteria used will be: The abstract is a clear, concise, accurate representation of the project, linking the main ideas together well without added interpretation or criticism, misunderstandings or unnecessary details. 1.Begin with a topic sentence that is the major thesis (the Aim). 2.Purpose: state the research question and hypotheses 2.Method: the design 3.Results: concisely 4.Conclusions: implications of results. Can be recommendations, evaluations, applications, suggestions, new relationships, and hypotheses accepted or rejected. 5.Other information incidental findings to the main purpose of the document but must not distract attention from main theme. [AR2]Clearly presented. Well chosen subjects. Need more variety of communication methods. Eg tables, graphs, images, diagrams, to support explanation. [AR3]You should discuss the formulae that links the variables for length and cross-sectional area here so your preliminary calculations make better sense. [AR4]How do you calculate area? [AR5]Good analogies. Again, use diagrams to support this. [AR6]= and? [AR7]Make sure you explain whats happening, why this data was chosen, etc. [AR8]Your table isnt clearly labelled. If this is the resistivity of the wire, state as much in the table. Why did you label it as the resistance coefficient? [AR9]This is just the same table. [AR10]Describe the relationship here. Logarithmic? Linear? [AR11]This part just refers to length, not resistance. [AR12]Probably worth a C for your hypothsis. You can increase that by addressing the above points. [AR13]These elements of your method are good, but its incomplete. You never said where you varied the length of the wire, for instance. [AR14]Ensure you have someone proof read your draft before you submit it to pick up grammatical errors and run-on sentences. [AR15]Good use of diagram. [AR16]Good explanation of equipment used. [AR17]Safety issues in detail. Good [AR18]Youll need to graph your results and put it beside your theoretical data for comparison in order to achieve the highest grade here. [AR19]Extensive results. Good. [AR20]This table is missing average current [AR21]Youre just stating the results of the experiment. You should be exploring patterns and trends as well as anomalies. Ie as the diameter increasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or as the length increasedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Without this, you may not pass this section. [AR22]Didnt you control them? [AR23]Include units for resistance here. Cut and paste this one: ÃŽÂ © [AR24]Wheres your conclusion? [AR25]This is decent. Probably a C. Remember to suggest what can be explored from here eg. A modified hypothesis. [AR26]Did you not do this? [AR27]Good. [AR28]Put this near the relevant section [AR29].Bibliography. Your list and formatting is sufficient for a B. Summary: Ryan, you can improve your grade with the following: Remove plagiarism. Rewrite in your own words. Include more diagrams in the introduction. Explain what youre doing more thoroughly in the preliminary calculations. Reword your hypothesis more accurately. Finish your method. Add graphs to your results section. Analyse and discuss trends in your discussion/conclusion. Include a conclusion that links to the hypothesis. Plus anything else Ive missed up there. Without knowing how much youve cut and pasted from other sources its impossible to tell a grade, but Im estimating between a C and a D. Its possible to improve what you have here up to about a B. Godspeed.

Gps Used to Track Kids Who Skip School

GPS Kids who keep on skipping school frustrate lots of people like teachers and parents. Now the police and school officials are now deciding to use GPS. The first school in California to test this Global Positioning System was the Anaheim Union High School. Many seventh- and eight-graders that have four unexcused absences or more during the school year have to carry this device. On school days each morning the students who get the GPS get automated call telling them that they have to get to school on time. After that, they have to enter a code five times a day that tracks their location.When they leave for school, when they arrive at school, at lunchtime, when they leave school and a 8 p. m. they have to type in this code. Also many students are assigned a adult coach that helps them to get to school on time. They also call them three times a week to see if they are all right. The devices are $300- $400 each and the six-week program are cost $8 everyday or $18,000. They are using th e GPS is because the students need education and the school loses close to $35 for every absent student there is.When the GPS started in the school the attendance rate went up from77 percent to 95 percent. If there was no GPS, the kids who continued skipping class or school, they were more likely to join gangs. Now about 75 students in Dale and South junior high schools are deciding to use this pilot program. But now district officials are deciding if they want to expand the GPS program to other high school and junior high schools. Many parents and students came to the Anaheim Family Justice Center to discuss about the GPS with the police and counselors.But not all parents like the idea. Raphael Garcia who has a 6th grader with six unexcused absences says, â€Å"This makes us seem like common criminals. † The Police Investigator Armando Pardo reminds the parents â€Å"They are letting their kids skip school without a valid reason. † Lots of kids grades 4-6, and their p arents had to attend the meeting but they would not be able to carry a GPS, but if they start seeing unnecessary absences, they will be able to get one. The Cruz family, hoping to be able to keep their child at school, they decided to buy a GPS for their son, Juan.Juan’s has had five unexcused absences and five excused absences. Juan tells Miller (the person who is teaching Juan how to operate the GPS) that â€Å"Sometimes I am sick and sometime I just don’t feel like going. † â€Å"I am going to keep it in my pocket so I don’t lose it. If the student loses the device, the parents will be responsible for paying for it. But the devices can be found very easily. Cristina, Juan Cruz’s mom supports this program a lot and is hoping it will help her out. She also says† He is one of six children, and we can’t always keep an eye on him. † By: Ruby Shah

Zoe’s Tale PART III Chapter Twenty

â€Å"Admit it,† Enzo said, through the PDA. â€Å"You forgot.† â€Å"I did not,† I said, with what I hoped was just the right amount of indignation to suggest that I had not forgotten, which I had. â€Å"I can hear the fake indignation,† he said. â€Å"Rats,† I said. â€Å"You're on to me. Finally.† â€Å"Finally? There's no finally,† Enzo said. â€Å"I've been on to you since I met you.† â€Å"Maybe you have,† I allowed. â€Å"And anyway, that doesn't solve this problem,† Enzo said. â€Å"We're about to sit down for dinner. You're supposed to be here. Not to make you feel guilty or anything.† This was the difference between me and Enzo now and then. There used to be a time when Enzo would have said those words and they would have come out sounding like he was accusing me of something (besides, of course, being late). But right now they were gentle and funny. Yes, he was exasperated, but he was exasperated in a way that suggested I might be able to make it up to him. Which I probably would, if he didn't push it. â€Å"I am in fact wracked with guilt,† I said. â€Å"Good,† Enzo said. â€Å"Because you know we put a whole extra potato in the stew for you.† â€Å"Gracious,† I said. â€Å"A whole potato.† â€Å"And I promised the twins they could throw their carrots at you,† he said, referring to his little sisters. â€Å"Because I know how much you love carrots. Especially when they're kid-hurled.† â€Å"I don't know why anyone would eat them any other way,† I said. â€Å"And after dinner I was going to read you a poem I wrote for you,† Enzo said. I paused. â€Å"Now that's not fair,† I said. â€Å"Injecting something real into our witty banter.† â€Å"Sorry,† Enzo said. â€Å"Did you really?† I asked. â€Å"You haven't written me a poem in ages.† â€Å"I know,† he said. â€Å"I thought I might get back into practice. I remember you kind of liked it.† â€Å"You jerk,† I said. â€Å"Now I really do feel guilty for forgetting about dinner.† â€Å"Don't feel too guilty,† Enzo said. â€Å"It's not a very good poem. It doesn't even rhyme.† â€Å"Well, that's a relief,† I said. I still felt giddy. It's nice to get poems. â€Å"I'll send it to you,† Enzo said. â€Å"You can read it instead. And then, maybe if you're nice to me, I'll read it to you. Dramatically.† â€Å"What if I'm mean to you?† I asked. â€Å"Then I'll read it melodramatically,† he said. â€Å"I'll wave my arms and everything.† â€Å"You're making a case for me being mean to you,† I said. â€Å"Hey, you're already missing dinner,† Enzo said. â€Å"That's worth an arm wave or two.† â€Å"Jerk,† I said. I could almost hear him smile over the PDA. â€Å"Gotta go,† Enzo said. â€Å"Mom's telling me to set the table.† â€Å"Do you want me to try to make it?† I asked. All of a sudden I really did want to be there. â€Å"I can try.† â€Å"You're going to run across the entire colony in five minutes?† Enzo said. â€Å"I could do it,† I said. â€Å"Maybe Babar could,† Enzo said. â€Å"But he has two legs more than you.† â€Å"Fine,† I said. â€Å"I'll send Babar to have dinner with you.† Enzo laughed. â€Å"Do that,† he said. â€Å"I'll tell you what, Zoe. Walk here at a reasonable pace, and you'll probably make it in time for dessert. Mom made a pie.† â€Å"Yay, pie,† I said. â€Å"What kind?† â€Å"I think it's called ‘Zoe gets whatever kind of pie she gets and likes it' pie,† Enzo said. â€Å"Mmmm,† I said. â€Å"I always like that kind of pie.† â€Å"Well, yeah,† Enzo said. â€Å"It's right there in the title.† â€Å"It's a date,† I said. â€Å"Good,† Enzo said. â€Å"Don't forget. I know that's a problem for you.† â€Å"Jerk,† I said. â€Å"Check your mail queue,† Enzo said. â€Å"There might be a poem there.† â€Å"I'm going to wait for the hand waving,† I said. â€Å"That's probably for the best,† Enzo said. â€Å"It'll be better that way. And now my mom is glaring at me with laser eyeballs. I have to go.† â€Å"Go,† I said. â€Å"See you soon.† â€Å"Okay,† Enzo said. â€Å"Love you.† We had started saying that to each other recently. It seemed to fit. â€Å"Love you too,† I said, and disconnected. â€Å"You two make me want to vomit so hard,† Gretchen said. She'd been hearing my side of the conversation and had been rolling her eyes the whole time. We were sitting in her bedroom. I set down the PDA and whacked her with a pillow. â€Å"You're just jealous Magdy never says that to you.† â€Å"Oh, dear Lord,† Gretchen said. â€Å"Leaving aside the fact that I so do not want to hear that from him, if he ever did try to say that to me, his head would actually explode before the words could even get out of his mouth. Which now that I think about it might be an excellent reason to try to get him to say it.† â€Å"You two are so cute,† I said. â€Å"I can see you two standing at the altar and getting into it right before saying ‘I do.'† â€Å"Zoe, if I ever get anywhere near an altar with Magdy, I authorize you to make a flying tackle and drag me away,† Gretchen said. â€Å"Oh, fine,† I said. â€Å"Now let's never speak of this again,† Gretchen said. â€Å"You're so in denial,† I said. â€Å"At least I'm not the one who forgot her dinner date,† Gretchen said. â€Å"It gets worse,† I said. â€Å"He wrote me poetry. He was going to read it to me.† â€Å"You missed dinner and a show,† Gretchen said. â€Å"You are the worst girlfriend ever.† â€Å"I know,† I said. I reached for my PDA. â€Å"I'll write him an apology note saying that.† â€Å"Make it extra grovelly,† Gretchen said. â€Å"Because that's sexy.† â€Å"That comment explains a lot about you, Gretchen,† I said, and then my PDA took on a life of its own, blasting an alarm sound from its speaker and scrolling an air attack notice on its screen. Over on Gretchen's desk, her PDA made the same alarm sound and scrolled the same message. Every PDA in the colony did the same. In the distance, we heard the sirens, posted near the Mennonite homesteads, alerting them because they didn't use personal technology. For the first time since the defeat of the Conclave fleet, Roanoke was under attack. Missiles were on their way. I rushed to the door of Gretchen's room. â€Å"Where are you going?† she asked. I ignored her and went outside, where people were bursting out of their homes and running for cover, and looked into the sky. â€Å"What are you doing?† Gretchen said, catching up with me. â€Å"We need to get to a shelter.† â€Å"Look,† I said, and pointed. In the distance, a bright needle of light was tracing across the sky, aiming at something we couldn't quite see. Then there was a flash, blinding white. There was a defense satellite above Roanoke; it had fired on and hit one of the missiles coming for us. But others were still on their way. The sharp pop of the missile explosion reached us, with not nearly enough time lag. â€Å"Come on, Zoe,† Gretchen said, and started tugging at me. â€Å"We've got to go.† I stopped looking at the sky and ran with Gretchen to one of the community shelters we had recently excavated and built; it was filling up quickly with colonists. As I ran I saw Hickory and Dickory, who had spotted me; they closed in and took either side of me as we got into the shelter. Even in the panic, people still made room for them. Gretchen, Hickory, Dickory, about four dozen other colonists, and I all hunched down in the shelter, straining to hear what was going on above us through nearly a dozen feet of dirt and concrete. â€Å"What do you think is happ – † someone said and then there was unspeakable wrenching noise, like someone had taken one of the cargo containers that made up the colony wall and peeled it apart, right on top of our eardrums and then I was tumbling to the ground because there was an earthquake and I screamed and bet that everyone else in the shelter did too but I couldn't hear it because then came the single loudest noise I had ever heard, so loud that my brain surrendered and the noise became the absence of noise, and the only way I knew that I, at least, was still screaming was that I could feel my throat getting raw. Either Hickory or Dickory grabbed me and held me steady; I could see Gretchen being held the same way by the other Obin. The lights in the shelter flickered but stayed on. Eventually I stopped screaming and the ground stopped shaking and something similar to my hearing came back to me and I could hear others in the shelter crying and praying and trying to calm children. I looked over at Gretchen, who looked stricken. I disentangled from Dickory (it turned out) and went over to her. â€Å"You okay?† I asked. My voice sounded like it was pushed through cotton from a distance. Gretchen nodded but didn't look at me. It occurred to me it was the first time she'd been in an attack. I looked around. Most of the people in the shelter looked like Gretchen. It was the first time any of these people had been in an attack. Of all these people, I was the one who was the veteran of a hostile attack. I guess that put me in charge. I saw a PDA on the floor; someone had dropped it. I picked it up and activated it and read what was there. Then I stood up and waved my hands back and forth and said â€Å"Excuse me!† until people started looking at me. I think enough people recognized me as the daughter of the colony leaders that they decided I might know something after all. â€Å"The emergency information on the PDA says that the attack seems to be over,† I said when enough people were looking my way. â€Å"But until we get an ‘all clear' signal we need to stay here in the shelter. We need to stay here and stay calm. Is anyone here injured or sick?† â€Å"I can't hear very well,† someone said. â€Å"I don't think any of us can hear well right now,† I said. â€Å"That's why I'm yelling.† It was an attempt at a joke. I don't think people were going for it. â€Å"Are there any injuries here besides hearing loss?† No one said anything or raised their hand. â€Å"Then let's just sit tight here and wait for the ‘all clear.'† I held up the PDA I was using. â€Å"Whose is this?† Someone raised their hand; I asked if I could borrow it. â€Å"Someone took ‘in charge' lessons when I wasn't looking,† Gretchen said when I sat back down next to her. The words were classic Gretchen, but the voice was very, very shaky. â€Å"We were just under attack,† I said. â€Å"If someone doesn't pretend like she knows what she's doing, people are going to start freaking out. That would be bad.† â€Å"Not arguing,† Gretchen said. â€Å"Just impressed.† She pointed to the PDA. â€Å"Can you send any messages? Can we find out what's happening?† â€Å"I don't think so,† I said. â€Å"The emergency system overrides usual messaging, I think.† I signed out the owner on the PDA and signed in under my account. â€Å"See. Enzo said he sent that poem to me but it's not there yet. It's probably queued and will get sent once we have the all clear.† â€Å"So we don't know if everyone else is okay,† Gretchen said. â€Å"I'm sure we'll get an all clear signal soon,† I said. â€Å"You worried about your dad?† â€Å"Yes. Aren't you worried about your parents?† Gretchen asked. â€Å"They were soldiers,† I said. â€Å"They've done this before. I'm worried about them, but I'm betting they're fine. And Jane is the one running the emergency messages. As long as they're updating, she's fine.† The PDA switched over from my mail queue to a scrolling note; we were being given the â€Å"all clear.† â€Å"See,† I said. I had Hickory and Dickory check the entrance of the shelter for any falling debris; it was clear. I signed out from the PDA and gave it back to its owner, and then folks started shuffling out. Gretchen and I were the last to head up. â€Å"Watch your step,† Gretchen said as we came up, and pointed to the ground. Glass was everywhere. I looked around. All the houses and buildings were standing, but almost all the windows were blown out. We'd be picking glass out of everything for days. â€Å"At least it's been nice weather,† I said. No one seemed to hear me. Probably just as well. I said good-bye to Gretchen and headed to my house with Hickory and Dickory. I found more glass in surprising places and Babar cowering in the shower stall. I managed to coax him out and gave him a big hug. He licked my face with increasing franticness. After I petted him and calmed him down, I reached for my PDA to call Mom or Dad, and then realized I had left it over at Gretchen's. I had Hickory and Dickory stay with Babar – he needed their company more than I did at the moment – and walked over to Gretchen's. As I walked to her house, her front door swung open and Gretchen burst through it, saw me and ran to me, her PDA in one hand and mine in the other. â€Å"Zoe,† she said, and then her face tightened up, and whatever she had to say was lost for a minute. â€Å"Oh, no,† I said. â€Å"Gretchen. Gretchen. What is it? Is it your dad? Is your dad okay?† Gretchen shook her head, and looked up at me. â€Å"It's not my dad,† she said. â€Å"My dad is fine. It's not Dad. Zoe, Magdy just called me. He says something hit. Hit Enzo's homestead. He said the house is still there but there's something big in the yard. He thinks it's part of a missile. Says he tried to call Enzo but he's not there. No one's there. No one's answering there. He said they just built a bomb shelter, away from the house. In the yard, Zoe. Magdy says he keeps calling and no one answers. I just called Enzo, too. I don't get anything, Zoe. It doesn't even connect. I keep trying. Oh God, Zoe. Oh God, Zoe. Oh, God.† Enzo Paulo Gugino was born on Zhong Guo, the first child of Bruno and Natalie Gugino. Bruno and Natalie had known each other since they were children and everyone who knew them knew that from the first moment they laid eyes on each other that they would be together for every single moment of their lives. Bruno and Natalie didn't argue with this idea. Bruno and Natalie, as far as anyone ever knew, never argued about anything, and certainly didn't argue with each other. They married young, even for the deeply religious culture they lived in on Zhong Guo, in which people often married early. But no one could imagine the two of them not being together; their parents gave their consent and the two of them were married in one of the best-attended weddings anyone could remember in their hometown of Pomona Falls. Nine months later, almost to the day, there was Enzo. Enzo was sweet from the moment he was born; he was always happy and only occasionally fussy, although (as was frequently explained, much to his later mortification) he had a marked tendency to take off his own diapers and smear the contents of them against the nearest available wall. This caused a real problem one time in a bank. Fortunately he was toilet-trained early. Enzo met his best friend Magdy Metwalli in kindergarten. On the first day of school, a third-grader had tried to pick on Enzo, and pushed him hard down to the ground; Magdy, whom Enzo had never seen before in his life, launched himself at the third-grader and started punching him in the face. Magdy, who at the time was small for his age, did no real damage other than scaring the pee out of the third-grader (literally); it was Enzo who eventually pulled Magdy off the third-grader and calmed him down before they were all sent to the principal's office and then home for the day. Enzo showed a flair for words early and wrote his first story when he was seven, entitled â€Å"The horrible sock that smelled bad and ate Pomona Falls except for my house,† in which a large sock, mutated by its own horrible unwashed smell, started eating its way through the contents of an entire town and was thwarted only when the heroes Enzo and Magdy first punched it into submission and then threw it into a swimming pool filled with laundry soap. The first part of the story (about the origin of the sock) took three sentences; the climactic battle scene took three pages. Rumor is Magdy (the one reading the story, not the one in it) kept asking for more of the fight scene. When Enzo was ten his mother became pregnant for a second time, with twins Maria and Katherina. The pregnancy was difficult, and complicated because Natalie's body had a hard time keeping two babies in it at once; the delivery was a near thing and Natalie came close to bleeding out more than once. It took Natalie more than a year to fully recover, and during that time the ten- and eleven-year-old Enzo helped his father and mother to care for his sisters, learning to change diapers and feed the girls when his mom needed a rest. This was the occasion of the only real fight between Magdy and Enzo: Magdy jokingly called Enzo a sissy for helping his mom, and Enzo smacked him in the mouth. When Enzo was fifteen the Guginos and the Metwallis and two other families they knew entered a group application to be part of the very first colony world made up of citizens of the Colonial Union rather than citizens of Earth. For the next few months every part of Enzo's life, and the life of his family, was opened up to scrutiny, and he bore it with as much grace as anyone who was fifteen and who mostly just wanted to be left alone could have. Every member of every family was required to submit a statement explaining why they wanted to be part of the colony. Bruno Gugino explained how he had been a fan of the American Colonization era, and the early history of the Colonial Union; he wanted to be part of this new chapter of history. Natalie Gugino wrote about wanting to raise her family on a world where everyone was working together. Maria and Katherina drew pictures of them floating in space with smiley moons. Enzo, who loved words more and more, wrote a poem, imagining himself standing on a new world, and titled it â€Å"The Stars My Destination.† He later admitted he'd taken the title from an obscure fantasy adventure book that he'd never read but whose title stayed with him. The poem, meant only for his application, was leaked to the local media and became something of a sensation. It eventually became sort of an official unofficial anthem for the Zhong Guo colonization effort. And after all that, Enzo and his family and co-applicants really couldn't not be chosen to go. When Enzo had just turned sixteen, he met a girl, named Zoe, and for some reason that passes understanding, he fell for her. Zoe was a girl who seemed like she knew what she was doing most of the time and was happy to tell you that this was in fact the case, all the time, but in their private moments, Enzo learned that Zoe was as nervous and uncertain and terrified that she would say or do something stupid to scare away this boy she thought she might love, as he was nervous and uncertain and terrified that he would do something stupid, too. They talked and touched and held and kissed and learned how not to be nervous and uncertain and terrified of each other. They did say and do stupid things, and they did eventually scare each other away, because they didn't know any better. But then they got over it, and when they were together again, that second time, they didn't wonder whether they might love each other. Because they knew they did. And they told each other so. On the day Enzo died he talked to Zoe, joked with her about her missing the dinner she was supposed to have with his family, and promised to send her a poem he had written for her. Then he told her he loved her and heard her tell him she loved him. Then he sent her the poem and sat down with his family to dinner. When the emergency alert came, the Gugino family, father Bruno, mother Natalie, daughters Maria and Katherina, and son Enzo, went together into the attack shelter Bruno and Enzo had made just a week before, and sat together close, holding each other and waiting for the â€Å"all clear.† On the day Enzo died he knew he was loved. He knew he was loved by his mother and father who, like everyone knew, never stopped loving each other until the very moment they died. Their love for each other became their love for him, and for their daughters. He knew he was loved by his sisters, who he cared for when they were small, and when he was small. He knew he was loved by his best friend, who he never stopped getting out of trouble, and who he never stopped getting into trouble with. And he knew he was loved by Zoe – by me – who he called his love and who said the words back to him. Enzo lived a life of love, from the moment he was born until the moment he died. So many people go through life without love. Wanting love. Hoping for love. Hungering for more of it than they have. Missing love when it was gone. Enzo never had to go through that. Would never have to. All he knew all his life was love. I have to think it was enough. It would have to be, now. I spent the day with Gretchen and Magdy and all of Enzo's friends, of whom there were so many, crying and laughing and remembering him, and then at some point I couldn't take any more because everyone had begun to treat me like Enzo's widow and though in a way I felt like I was, I didn't want to have to share that with anyone. It was mine and I wanted to be greedy for it for just a little while. Gretchen saw I had reached some sort of breaking point, and walked me back to her room and told me to get some rest, and that she'd check on me later. Then she gave me a fierce hug, kissed me on the temple and told me she loved me and closed the door behind me. I lay there in Gretchen's bed and tried not to think and did a pretty good job of it until I remembered Enzo's poem, waiting for me in my mail queue. Gretchen had put my PDA on her desk and I walked over, took the PDA and sat back down on the bed, and pulled up my mail queue and saw the mail from Enzo. I reached to press the screen to retrieve it and then called up the directory instead. I found the folder titled â€Å"Enzo Dodgeball† and opened it and started playing the files, watching as Enzo flailed his way around the dodgeball court, taking hits to the face and tumbling to the ground with unbelievable comic timing. I watched until I laughed so hard that I could barely see, and had to put the PDA down for a minute to concentrate on the simple act of breathing in and out. When I had mastered that again, I picked up the PDA, called up the mail queue, and opened the mail from Enzo. Zoe: Here you are. You'll have to imagine the arm waving for now. But the live show is coming! That is, after we have pie. Mmmm†¦pie. BELONG You said I belong to you And I agree But the quality of that belonging Is a question of some importance. I do not belong to you Like a purchase Something ordered and sold And delivered in a box To be put up and shown off To friends and admirers. I would not belong to you that way And I know you would not have me so. I will tell you how I belong to you. I belong to you like a ring on a finger A symbol of something eternal. I belong to you like a heart in a chest Beating in time to another heart. I belong to you like a word on the air Sending love to your ear. I belong to you like a kiss on your lips Put there by me, in the hope of more to come. And most of all I belong to you Because in where I hold my hopes I hold the hope that you belong to me. It is a hope I unfold for you now like a gift. Belong to me like a ring And a heart And a word And a kiss And like a hope held close. I will belong to you like all these things And also something more Something we will discover between us And will belong to us alone. You said I belong to you And I agree. Tell me you belong to me, too. I wait for your word And hope for your kiss. Love you. Enzo. I love you, too, Enzo. I love you. I miss you.